Essay on The Connection Between Christianity and Homophobia

We have all at some point or another heard someone say that God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve. This saying is an excellent example of how a large number of Christian fundamentalist feel about the homosexual community. Studies have shown that there are more Christian homophobes than there is homophobia in any other group or religion in the United States (Wolff, J. R., Himes, H. L., Kwon, E., Bollinger, R. A., 2012). Homophobia is the irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. In Christianity, homophobia represents misunderstanding and fear of the unknown. It is more difficult to understand something that one has not been exposed to or has not experienced. An example would be†¦show more content†¦As a kid it wasn’t even something that was mentioned. It was never something that was explained to me. It was just ‘That’s Mark, and he’s gay.’ Mark was just another friend of my dad’s who would talk about his boyfriend instead of his girlfriend. I was five. I didn’t care. It seemed perfectly normal, and still does.†(Rader, 2012). Many homophobes have used Christianity as an excuse for hate crimes against homosexuals. They believe that homosexuality is a terrible sin and publicly announce it as so. An example would be the recent incident with Phil Robertson of Duck Dynasty being taken off of AE for homophobic statements like â€Å"Start with homosexual behavior and just morph out from there. Beastiality, sleeping around with this woman and that woman and that woman and those men.† Many employees of Fox News immediately came to his defense. These people claimed that Robertson was only expressing his religious beliefs. Other employees, such as Peter Johnson Jr., believe that it did not quote the bible at all and there needs to be lines drawn between expressing religious beliefs and spewing hate (Maza, 2013). That is only one of many cases of people trying to excuse homophobia with the bible. While there are many who claim the bible excuses these acts many others do not think so. As Archbishop Desmond Tutu once said, â€Å"I can’t for the life of me imagine that God will say ‘I willShow MoreRelatedThe Lgbt Community Of China1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Buddhist ethics are consistent with their typical progressive views† (Shaheen). Strong as his words are, Dalai Lama, in fact, does not speak for even a dozen of Buddhists. In terms of diversity, Buddhism has an even stronger reputation than Christianity due to the fact that Buddhism advocates its followers to interpret Tip taka, the sacred book of Buddhism, by themselves. While most followers obey Dalai Lama’s ethic and preaching, they nevertheless choose to embrace the same-sex love for the enhancementRead More Religious Imagery in Flannery OConnors The Life You Save May Be Your Own462 Words   |  2 Pagesstory a cynical undertone along with a healthy dose of irony. OConnor uses allusions to Jesus and Christianity to examine the hypocrisies of the religion and its adherents. Her character Tom T. Shiftle t is portrayed paradoxically as both the embodiment of Christ and an immoral, utterly selfish miscreant. By presenting these polarities side by side within one persona, OConnor shows the dichotomies between so-called Christian morality and the reality of the Church. During his first encounter withRead MoreEssay on Black Theology1522 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor discussion raised among people has been the issue of sexuality as well as the black church, furthermore the combined idea of sexuality in the black church. Many theologians as well as philosophers have tried to grasp and place meaning to the connection that exist as well as the problem within sexuality in the black church. Blacks are known as sexual beings so obviously one would assume that there is an association of sexuality in the African church. This idea is even seen in a black church worshipRead MorePrejudice And Discrimination On Same Sex Marriage Essay1821 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexuality is an example of sexual minors facing prejudice from other social groups. There have been a number of prejudice and discrimination towards the gay community since the 1980’s where sexual behaviour between the same genders was not considered normal (Hogg Vaughan, 2011). The influence of Christianity encouraged the prosecution of homosexuals which become labelled as a mental illness and considered an act that should be punishable. However, through protesting and fight for equality and gay rightsRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Views On Homosexuality2229 Words   |  9 Pagescommonplace for one to have an exceedingly strong opinion on homosexuality. There are many different views on how accepted homosexuality should be, with opinions varying from extremely accepting, to extremely non-accepting, with many lying somewhere in between. For those who argue that homosexuality is wrong, there are three main stances that are most commonly taken, a logical stance, a moral stance, and a religious stance. As views on homosexuality tend to be extremely strong, many who are opposed to theRead MoreReflective Essay On Identity1749 Words   |  7 Pagesjust because it is the biblical thing to do. I find that it just does not sit well with me, I can understand the respect part, ho wever I will never lessen myself to allow someone to walk over me. But what really enrages me is the double standard between men and women. Where if a man sleeps around with others they deemed a hero, but if a woman sleeps around she is deemed trash and dirty. However, I recognized that not only I am oppressed because of my gender, but also because of my color. AlthoughRead MoreThe Only Thing We Have For Fear Is Fear By President Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1909 Words   |  8 Pagesthe American imperial interests, will argue that the role of religion is immensely significant in the construction of terrorism/death industry, and why it is vital to include it in analyzing the war on terror. To publicly talk about the connection between an ideology, in this case Islam, and the believer’s violence and bigotry has been stigmatized by notions of racism and intolerance towards multiculturalism. Many leftist academicians, such as Kumar (2012), are involved in a growing industryRead MoreThe American War On Terror Essay2407 Words   |  10 Pagesrole of religion is immensely central in the construction of an affective fear industry. Additionally, the nexus between Massumi’s affect theory functionality (2002) and Marx Engels’ concept of ruling class and ruling ideas (1970), will inform my analysis of the religious ideological factor’s centrality in conceptualizing the war on terror. To publicly talk about the connection between an ideology, in this case Islam, and the believer’s violence and bigotry has been stigmatized by notions of racismRead MoreSex Orientation And Sexual Orientation1820 Words   |  8 Pagesorientation on a scale of 0 to 6 points, with heterosexual and homosexual at either end and bisexuality at the intersection† (Nagoshi 2017). The Kinsey scale helped attest and normalize various sexual orientations by demonstrating the differences between perceived sexual behavior and actual sexual behavior. Kinsey believed that that sexuality shouldn’t be labeled or defined, and titles labeling â€Å"heterosexual† and â€Å"homosexual† identities should be removed. He didn’t believe that homosexuality is aRead MoreHomosexuality5409 Words   |  22 Pages Section one HOMOSEXUALITY IN TANZANIA 1.0 Introduction Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual activity between members of the same sex or gender. As an orientation, homosexuality refers to an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectionate, or romantic attractions primarily or exclusively to people of the same sex. It also refers to

Pepsi s Marketing Plan For Pepsi - 943 Words

Pepsi recently announced that they are releasing a new soda brand to be named 1893. Although no other official information has been released besides the name, it is said to be a â€Å"premium† soda to complement the company. The name â€Å"1983† was chosen because that is the year one of the main creators of Pepsi was born, Caleb Bradham. He created a beverage â€Å"Brad’s Drink† that would eventually change its name to Pepsi. Last year Pepsi came out with â€Å"Caleb’s Soda† which is marketed as a more premium soda, so sources are assuming this one will follow suit. Both sodas are named after Caleb Bradham, who created the original drink as a more healthy soda to aid digestion without the narcotics or caffeine (before the company would add it later on). This new product is being launched as Pepsi consumption sales are declining. The company also announced it would be releasing a â€Å"Stubborn Soda† line that will be offered to buy at select places. Critique: The product seems to be an innovative idea. The price will likely be more pricy then usual soda products because the company is looking towards a premium branding for 1893. Luckily with Pepsi being a well-known, established brand, they should not have a big difficulty with placement through long established relationships and connections. Promotion would be the most detrimental strategy that Pepsi could use to launch this new soda and soda line. With declining sales it is critical that these new products do well. Doing a little research, itShow MoreRelatedPepsi Elements Of Marketing Strategy814 Words   |  4 PagesPepsi Elements of Marketing Introduction PepsiCo is the second largest nationwide food and beverage industry in the world. This company has twenty-two brand names that collectively bring in billions of annual funding from the retails. Their main focus is to produce pleasingly food and beverage within the company that are valued to household names throughout the world. The marketing strategy and mix both are connected to target marketing, focusing on the company needs and wants in a large group settingRead MorePepsico Marketing Strategy Critique1335 Words   |  6 PagesGabrielle Dziadkowiec Marketing Management Professor Jacoby Critique of Marketing Strategy PepsiCo Executive Summary The PepsiCo Inc. Company was first established in 1965 by the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito Lay, Inc.. Today, the company is one of the world s leading manufacturer in the beverage industry and has also expanded to include a broader range of food and beverage brands, operating globally across more than 200 countries with its head office located in Purchase,Read MoreMarketing Mix1452 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Mix Michael Anderson MKT/421 May 30, 2011 Gabriel Renero According to the text-book Marketing an Introduction â€Å"Guided by marketing strategy, the company designs an integrated marketing mix made up of factors under its control—product, price, place, and promotion to find the best marketing strategy and mix† (Armstrong amp; Kotler,  2009,   p.  47). In order to understand the marketing mix one mustRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Audit1229 Words   |  5 Pages1.1 Marketing Audit Marketing audit can be defined as a study, inspection, review and/or evaluation of marketing activities of any company. Basically, it estimates the marketing environment of the company, aims, strategies, and policies of the company. After evaluation of marketing plans and strategies, it has to identify the mistakes, weaknesses, insufficiencies, complications and other issues to be encountered in firm’s marketing purposes. The final outcome of the marketing audit recommends measuresRead MorePepsi Next1345 Words   |  6 Pages(cover story) Authors: ZMUDA, NATALIE Source: Advertising Age, 4/4/2011, Vol. 82 Issue 14, p1-90, 2p Document Type: Article Subject Terms: PRODUCT launches MARKETING strategy NEW product development PEPSICO Inc. -- Marketing SOFT drinks -- Marketing COLA drinks Abstract: The article considers the product launch of the Pepsi Next brand soft drink by beverage industry firm PepsiCo scheduled for the summer of 2011. The soft drink is a so-called mid-calorie soft drink sweetened with a blendRead MorePepsi Of Pepsi Cola Company Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesPepsi-Cola started as â€Å"Brads Drink† in his drugstore in New Bern, North Carolina in 1893. Caleb â€Å"Doc† Davis Bradham decided to create a mix of sugar, water, caramel, lemon oil, nutmeg, and other natural additives. Officially it became Pepsi-Cola five years later due to its word of mouth popularity. In 1902 The Pepsi-Cola Company was formed due to great demand of the product and popularity among customers. Mr. Bradham decide to devote all his time to the product and it proceeded to become a full-fledgedRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of The Coke Company1189 Words   |  5 Pagesto the Coke Company, they are not any behind in the competition against their rival, Pepsi Company. Perha ps, they are even ahead of Pepsi companies in both statistically and efficiently. Talking about statistics, they are certainly the number one brand leaving Pepsi in number two. And just like their rival Pepsi and every other beverage companies, they also have plans for marketing strategies and their marketing strategies are effective and creative as well. According to Chad and Gabriel (2003),Read MoreEnviromental Scanning1269 Words   |  6 Pagesscanning Coco-Cola and Pepsi are two major competitors in the beverage industry but each company is working on being different even though each company has similar products. Both companies are very popular and each company needs to develop and maintain a competitive edge that will help one or the other stay above the other. To gain a competitive edge, measurement guidelines need to be implemented to make sure that strategic planning is effective and to confirm that the plan is effective. This paperRead MoreThe Coca-Cola Company: a Global Presence1304 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Officer and recognized the problems in the company and challenged the new Chief Operating Officer to rejuvenate the coke brand. By noticing what was going on (i.e. consumers showed interest in clear flavored water and seltzers) he was able to plan ahead and lead the company to success. Mr. Hunter also used an important management function: Controlling. Mr. Hunter was the regional manager in the Philippines and noticed that relying on local bottlers to distribute and market Coke products wasRead MoreMarketing Plans At Pepsico ( N.d )1182 Words   |  5 Pages Marketing plans at PepsiCo PepsiCo (n.d.) is a global food and beverage leader with a diverse product portfolio that includes 22 brands that each generates over $1 billion in revenue (â€Å"Global Brands†, n.d.). While PepsiCo is second only to Coca-Cola in the production of CSD beverages, PepsiCo is the number one producer of snack foods in the world (Hoovers, Inc., n.d). Pepsico â€Å"has outgrown Coca-Cola in terms of revenue over the last five years† (Cardenal, 2013, n.p.) because PepsiCo is

A treatise On Ulcers Free Essays

Peptic ulcers (gastric and duodenal) are defects in the gastrointestinal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosa. Ulcer results when the balance between the aggressive forces (Helicobacter pylori, acid, pepsin, bile, drugs) and the mucosa defense: (microcirculation, Prostaglandins, apical cell restitution, hydrophobicity, HCO3, genetic) is disrupted. In the USA, the lifetime prevalence is 10% and for men it is 12% and 9% for women. We will write a custom essay sample on A treatise On Ulcers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The one point prevalence for new PUD is 2% and duodenal ulcer occurs five times more than gastric ulcer. To differentiate gastric from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer is uncommon before 40 years, the pain is often increased by eating food and relieved by fasting. The acid secretion is normal, there is possibility of weight loss and hematemesis i.e. blood in the vomitus may occur. In the case of duodenal ulcer, most occur between 25 and 75 years of age and pain is usually temporarily relieved by food intake and antacids, the pain is often nocturnal and there is acid hyper secretion, there is no associated weight loss and blood may be present in the stool. Other factors implicated as theory of the aetiologic of ulcer include smoking, Calcium, Alcohol, Caffeine, Red pepper. The genetic theory implicates familial cluster ring. Other possible etiologies are Blood group O, AB (H) antigen, pepsinogen, HLA B5, Rheumatoid arthritis,COPD, Liver cirrhosis, CRF, renal transplantation, Herpes simplex, CMV, Hyperparathyroidism, Mastocytosis.Sex hormones and psychological factors may also play some minor role. Clinical presentation of PUD may be 1) asymptomatic or 2) Symptoms may vary.   A high index of suspicion is therefore needed .It is more likely if: there is   Ã‚   Pain,  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anemia, heavy smoking,  Ã‚   Use of NSAIDs (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The cardinal symptoms are nocturnal pain, as well as epigastric pain relieved by food and vomiting. And the signs include -The pointing sign in 70% -commonest, epigastric tenderness or discomfort only. Signs of outlet obstruction can also be elicited and also signs of other complications. Treatment includes the use of Proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole and omeprazole. They are remarkably safe drugs which have so far been used only to treat ulcers and other conditions where there is excess gastric acidity In conclusion, one should therefore visit his or her doctor ones there is abdominal pain and the person has recurrent and refractory symptoms, the patient is more than 40 years old or has a family history of ulcer or the risk factors mentioned above are present in alarming proportions. References Elsevier (2009, April 24). Commonly Used Ulcer Drugs May Offer Treatment Potential In Alzheimer’s Disease. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2009/04/090422103556.ht Uppsala University (2008, May 9). Nitrates In Vegetables Protect Against Gastric Ulcers, Study Shows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2008/05/080507105601.ht How to cite A treatise On Ulcers, Papers

Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Bone Remodeling Affected by Osteoporosis. Answer: Introduction Bone remodeling is a cyclical process in which the mature bone tissues are constantly replaced by the new bone tissues. The process of mature or old bone tissue removal is called bone resorption and the process of new bone tissue formation is called ossification (Long, 2012). However, due to osteoporosis the bone remodeling or the reformation of new bone tissues gets affected. While it must be kept within the homeostatic range to minimize the harmful effects of bone thinning. The factors that disrupt the bone remodeling include parathyroid hormone and thyroid hormone (Naylor Eastell, 2012). Discussion The removal of mature bone tissues is both inhibited and enhanced by the signals received from the other parts of the body and the whole process depends on the availability and deficiency of calcium. Parathyroid gland has calcium sensing membrane receptors that senses the level of calcium in the body fluids. When the level of calcium reduces in blood, the parathyroid gland gets stimulated which leads to the secretion of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin on the other hand reduces the effect of the osteoclasts and inhibits its production. This results in decreased resorption of bone tissues by the osteoclasts (Del Fattore, Teti Rucci, 2012). When parathyroid hormone gets secreted by the parathyroid gland, this in turn increases the level of as well as the activity of osteoclasts. The presence of the osteoclasts before the secretion of parathyroid hormone leads to an increased number and activity of the osteoclasts, the effect of the increased levels of osteoclasts are seen as increased resorption of phosphate and calcium ions. High levels of calcium in blood reduces the release of parathyroid gland and in turn reduced activity of the osteoclasts. Whereas, vitamin D helps in the effective absorption of phosphate and calcium from the intestine. The effects of osteoporosis are evident when the bone tissue formation (resorption) outpaces the process of removal of mature bone tissues (ossification). Due to the effect of osteoporosis bones loses it density, and it becomes fragile and porous (Boyce et al., 2012). The harmful effects of osteoporosis are seen when the effects of osteoblasts in the bone tissue formation falls behind the increased effects of osteoclasts. In the normal and usual bone remodeling cycle, osteoblasts secrete calcium salts and collagen matrix which leads to the formation of new bone tissues. In the next process, the osteoblasts get calcified and its structure gets changed which later forms osteocytes. The levels of calcium in bones are controlled by the osteocytes. The osteocytes remain intact till it is broken down for resorption by the osteoclasts. Thus, due to an imbalance in the levels of calcium in blood, increases the parathyroid hormone and this in turn increases the secretion of osteoclasts. These osteoclasts later remove the phosphate and calcium ions from the bones, and when this process quickens up, results in osteoporosis (Kular et al, 2012). The process of bone formation and the increased resorption by the osteoclasts due to imbalances of calcium in the body is summarized and explained in a concept map Concept Map The concept map explains both the scenarios in which calcium levels drops and increases in blood. When the calcium levels drop, parathyroid hormone releases the parathyroid hormone which elicits the levels of osteoclasts. Osteoclasts then degrades the calcium in the bones which results and in osteoporosis. While, when the calcium is high is blood thyroid gland secretes calcitonin and it stimulates the deposition of calcium in blood. Thus, a homeostasis is maintained References Boyce, B. F., Rosenberg, E., de Papp, A. E., Duong, L. T. (2012). The osteoclast, bone remodelling and treatment of metabolic bone disease. European journal of clinical investigation, 42(12), 1332-1341. Del Fattore, A., Teti, A., Rucci, N. (2012). Bone cells and the mechanisms of bone remodelling. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition), 4, 2302-2321. Kular, J., Tickner, J., Chim, S. M., Xu, J. (2012). An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level. Clinical biochemistry, 45(12), 863-873. Long, F. (2012). Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 13(1), 27-38. Naylor, K., Eastell, R. (2012). Bone turnover markers: use in osteoporosis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(7), 379-389.

Born Again Essay Essays - Religion, Creative Works,

Born Again Essay By Ellie Jo Koehn Would you risk your reputation, your family, your career and your entire life for what you believed? In the book Born Again, Charles (Chuck) Colson does just this. He had built up a reputation and carrer to be rivled, and he laid all that down for Christ. Chuck Colson had been accused of involvement in the Watergate scandal of 1972. The false accusations included conspiring to cover up the Watergate burglaries. However, he pleaded guilty to a different charge; obstruction of justice, specifically the defamation of character of Daniel Ellsberg. We can all agree that Chuck Colson professed faith in Christ, but the disagreement occurs in whether or not he should or should not have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice. Chuck Colson should have pleaded guilty for three reasons. For truth, for ministry, and it was a strategic move. The first reason Chuck Colson should have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice for truth. He had exposed information about Ellsberg right when he knew it would be the most hurtful. Although the information he exposed was true, he knew in his heart that what he did was objectively wrong. However, it wasn't typically considered a crime because it was so common in the political arena. He felt compelled to bring the whole truth to light, even though it might have hurt him in the long run. God moved in his heart and urged him to come clean. The second reason Chuck Colson should have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice is for ministry. Although he didn't know it at the time of his decision, Chuck Colson was used by God to minister to prisoners, many of that would eventually come to Christ because of him. He ultimately found that his purposed lied not in politic but in ministry. By experiencing the injustices of the prison system firsthand, he was able to effectively advocate and minister to those in that situation. The third reason Chuck Colson should have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice is that it was a strategic move. Although his intentions for pleading guilty weren't for his own strategic gain, the benefit was there. He was able to secure a lesser sentence than it would have been if he was convicted for other charges, although, it was ultimately extended. His sentence was the lesser of two evils. Some say that Chuck Colson should not have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice. They say that he was manipulating the system. They argue that he was being evasive of the justice he deserved. However, this is not valid because his intentions were pure. They also say that he was abandoning his family. This is also invalid because they were taken care of, and it was the right thing to do. In summary, both of these arguments are invalid. In conclusion, Chuck Colson should have pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice for truth, ministry, and it was strategic. This matters to all who are faced with risky decisions. We can either do the right thing with possibly devastatin consequences, or we can play it safe.

Free Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay

Free Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay Foreign Market Entry Strategy Introduction International business has assumed new and complex proportions in the recent times on account of globalization of markets and economies. The globalization phenomenon has exposed organizations to new challenges that creates the need for a deeper understanding of global markets and economic environment that shape industry trends. Business in todays world is guided and affected by the economic, social, financial, technological, political factors and system of any country. So in order for any international brand to be able to flourish and get a hold on the foreign market, it is imperative that all these factors are considered and analyzed. With more and more companies going global the strategic alternatives and practices differ widely from one business to another. The market entry strategy is based on an in-depth assessment of new market environment and an understanding of vital factors driving the industry operations in a global context. The business world is not limited to trading in any ones home country only. In order to expand and grow the almost all the countries in todays world try to venture into the foreign market. The success or the failure would depend on the strategies adopted for a fruitful international business (Ghemawat, 2001). Thus, evaluation of foreign markets and analysis of economic environment is important in determining the feasibility of entering new markets. Firms entry Burger King is one of the leading fast food retailer in the United States having a global market presence across 73 countries. The company started its operations in the year 1954 with its first restaurant in Miami, Florida (Burger King website, 2012). As part of its international expansion strategy the company plans to venture into the Indian markets that holds great potential for extended sales and revenue. The country has a vast population and growing economic prosperity has lured many multinational companies to venture into this market. {t_essay_order} India has witnessed a tremendous economic growth over the past few decades. In 2006, Indias gross domestic product grew by 9.2% (Martin Kronstadt, 2007). Many U.S. companies consider India as one of the potential candidates for investment in any business. In spite of this economic growth, most of the rural people are poor and they can afford only the bare minimum necessities of life. Owing to the growing rate of inflation, the economic expansion is still restricted. Unemployment is still a prominent problem. More than half of the population still depend on agriculture (Martin Kronstadt, 2007). India is a land of varied demographic and geographical variety. One third of the population lives in urban areas and a significant proportion of the population are dependent on agriculture for their living (Martin Kronstadt, 2007). The social division in India is based on the regional background, religion, caste and these affect the Indian politics as well. There are more than 22 official regional languages in India. The attitude, set of mind, likings are more or less guided and influenced by these divisions in the caste system. The competition policy of the Government of India enhances market efficiency and protects the consumer interest as well. India has a complicated and rigid bureaucratic system which poses a problem with regards to implementing new economic policies and programs. The large population also poses problems for Indias environment (Martin Kronstadt, 2007). The workforce and the manpower are available at a considerable moderate cost. The intellectual population is also abundantly available. India has a vast population in IT professionals. There is a huge population of skilled and unskilled labor (IPTU, 2011). In a developing country like India, often the companies fail to reach the scale due to the predominant government failures and market gaps as well. As a result of which the shareholders loose interest and consequently there results in the downturn of the company. The financial viability of a foreign company in the Indian market is very fragile (Pfitzer Krishnaswamy, 2007). There has been a significant liberalization of Indias trade and international investment policies. Over the last few years, India has been relaxing its import policies, thus lowering tariffs and eradicating the requirement of import licensing. India is one of the most popular democratic countries. India is a federal republic and mostly all the financial decisions rests with the prime minister and the cabinet. The trade relation between India and United States is also quite cordial (Martin Kronstadt, 2007). Management considerations The concept of globalization is very attractive and lucrative to all the companies but at times the companies underestimate and overestimate the attractiveness of foreign market which may cause them pay a heavy price in future. The two aspects of any business trade and distance always are inversely proportional to each other. It has been analyzed and studied that there is a negative impact of distance on trade (Ghemawat, 2001). The distances pertaining to any country reflects the diversity in cultural, administrative, geographic and economic aspects. The policies of the government, the size of the country which refer to the population of the country or the patriotism of the country men which inhibit the entry of any foreign country on their soil plays a major role in shaping the fate of a foreign company. Among the other factors the cross border complexity, the availability of natural resources, infrastructure, intellectual property, financial resources also poses a problem if the st rategies or the methods chosen cannot solve the added cross border complexity to initiate or sustain the cross border business (Ghemawat, 2001). The main aim of any international business strategy is to manage the difference which arises at the border of any country. According to Alexander and Korine (2008) there are three effective criteria to the challenges of globalization which reflect the viability of entering foreign markets. These relate to the question of how the company will benefit from this move, if the country has the capabilities to invest and try to expand in the foreign country and last but not the least will the benefit cover the cost incurred. Many companies have been unsuccessful in their pursuit to globalization because of impractical strategies and techniques used by them. This however does not mean that there are only negative side of globalization. Burger King needs to consider the strategic alternatives that define the success of its market expansion plans through an in-depth assessment of the Indian market. The fast food culture is popular among the younger generation and market trends reflects increased market potential. However, the competitive environment presents increased challenges to the management along with the restrictive trade environment that makes it difficult to establish operations in India. Strategic alternatives may involve alliances and partnership that enable the company to enter the markets easily. Brand presence and market penetration should be the key focus for increased market shares. Organizations operate in an increasingly competitive environment today and that makes it essential for management to consider strategic options for growth and development. The strategic alternatives for growth and expansion are however, much influenced by the firms performance in domestic markets and its core competencies that define its competitive advantage in the defined industry sector (Stonehouse Campbell, 2004). While the domestic environment forces regulate the success of firms in capturing markets, the performance of firms is to a large extent influenced by managerial capabilities to harness existing potentials and resources to gain competitive advantage (Henry, 2011). The global markets have assumed new significance in terms of value addition and marketing efforts that involve product differentiation and standardization approach. Every product market like the computers, fast foods have their presence in the global market and thus have foreign competitors. Governments have also played an immense role by lifting the trade barrier, the growth and the demand in the domestic market is also contributing to the expansion and opening the door of one country to invite other countries (Hamel, Doz Prahalad, 1989). Employee considerations All the countries across the world reflect different mental set up of the people, diverse attitudes, and numerous rules and regulations supported by the government that result in different type of barriers in the form of cultural, social and economic differences. For any company to be able to establish itself in that country requires difference in approaches as well as solution of the management problems. India is rich in culture and is marked by diversified cultural, social, economic and geographical differences. Owing to the cultural differences the consumers preferences are also very different. The cultural attributes also decides how people interact with one another and their reaction to a company especially to the one which is not local (Alexander Korine, 2008). People management plays an important role in defining organizational strengths and capability to handle management challenges. While India provides an extensive source of labor, the employment laws of the country are conservative. Labor management in the country requires efficient management techniques. India has a huge proportion of population whose income can be considered as low as per the international standards. As a result, the tenacity of spending money, living and using the product also differs as per the international standards. The human resource can be a considerable boon for any foreign country as the cost of the labor is cheap and the intellectual population can also be utilized and nurtured. The different religious beliefs, races, social norms and practices bring differences among countries. The social structure gives rise to the difference in the buying capacity of people (Prahalad Hamel, 2001). Any company, who is trying to enter the market where the local companies are already in existence, must adopt a reasonable and affordable pricing structure for their products. Conclusion There are some benefits of global strategy which are cost reductions, the quality of products and their various programs and last but not the least there is an increase in the competitive edge. For example, the Japanese success in the automobile is the global focus. The potential benefit from the virtue of globalization can be derived from the fact that many countries offer low labour costs, thus by outsourcing the profit margin can also be kept at a considerable low rate (Yip, 1989). The concept of globalization still holds true as now a days the government has somewhat relaxed its internal tariffs, so the imports, exports and the trade has also become much smoother. Through the virtue of globalization, a continuous flow of learning, better staff accumulation and gaining knowledge in the specified areas and last but not the least it contributes to the increase in the profit margin (Aswathappa, 2010). Recommendations Burger King must focus its strengths on gaining industry leadership through adaptation to new product segments and tapping market needs to improve market penetration in the domestic markets. The operating environment in which firms exist are prone to rapid changes marked by shifting trends and emerging ideas that guide market behaviour and consumer needs (Johnson, Scholls Whittington, 2011). Firms in order to adapt to emerging trends have to adopt new strategic approaches that can help them retain market shares and explore new market opportunities. This kind of strategic approach is referred to as strategic fit that implies the change of internal strategic capabilities to better fit such opportunities (Johnson et al., 2010). Firms in their pursuit of international growth and expansion must re-define their existing strategies to accommodate the needs and demands of the new market region. Initial hiccups are inevitable since differences in cultural, political and economic environment play an important role in defining market behaviour. The effectiveness of strategic approaches lies in their ability to research and understand these differences (Hamel Prahalad, 1996). Joint ventures and alliances with local partners can help in easing these initial challenges and enter the new markets with improved confidence (Jadhav, 2007).

Explanation of Mysticism And Its Relation To Christianity Research Paper - 1

Explanation of Mysticism And Its Relation To Christianity - Research Paper Example Among the religions that are very much associated with mysticism Christianity stands to be a supreme one. Many researchers have clearly recognized this close association and have affirmed the closer relationship of Christianity with mysticism. The proximity between Christianity to mysticism had led many to think to supplement one with another. In a closer look, one can find out that these two are different even though some apparent similarities are there. The closeness of mysticism and Christianity paves for the analytical study between these two. The proposed study is aimed to explore the close association between Christianity and Mysticism. Various factors concerning both Christianity and Mysticism will be analyzed in the paper and specifically, the researcher will endeavor to establish the fact that religion and Mysticism are complimentary. The essay takes note on the relationship of Christian teachings to mysticism and will analyze the major components of mysticism and Christiani ty through comparative studies intended to expose their relationship. Therefore, the study proposes the thesis that, religion and Mysticism are complimentary in nature, and Christianity has a very close association with Mysticism that stresses the need for prayer and meditation in one’s life. Researchers have often been expressed their difficulty in properly defining mysticism. Of course, the word mysticism is originated from Greek culture. Some regard it as quite similar to asking a foolish question like what beauty is.  

HR policies regarding workplace behavior Term Paper

HR policies regarding workplace behavior - Term Paper Example As a rule, workplace ethics are often regarded as an integral part of the workplace behavior, therefore, all the aspects of the HR policies should be reviewed from the perspective of the overall atmosphere improvement in the company, as well as the overall performance efficiency growth. Workplace Behavior and Ethics As it is stated in the research by Covey (2000), the conflict causing behavior is rather contagious, since the entire personnel may become contaminated with the improper behavior. This incurs additional (and often, hidden) costs for the company, while the destructive behavior, such as rudeness, gossiping, incessant complaining, ignoring etc., causes losses in productivity and efficiency. In accordance with the research by Lord et.al. (2002), it should be emphasized that behavior and ethics are the essential aspects of employment, since both assist in the company’s attempts to improve the profitability. This is explained by the statement that all the employees have different moral values, ethical backgrounds, behavioral norms etc, while the key employer’s task is to harmonize the cooperation of these people by setting rules and regulations that are intended to adjust certain compromises. In general, every company has a specific set of rules that are not associated with the general working procedures directly. These rules are intended to specify which behavior is acceptable, and which is not, and are mainly associated with harassment, language, smoking and eating at working place, as well as working attire. Some of these rules are stipulated by the domestic legislation, while the others originate from the corporate traditions and HR experience. As for the smoking regulations, it should be emphasized that these rules are intended to maximize comfort for all the employees and customers of the company, as well as for improving the fire safety measures. In this case, a compromise is set between a company and all the employees who smoke, sinc e the company agrees to allocate a specific area for smoking, or implement control systems (in case of non-smoking policy), while smokers agree not to smoke in the areas where smoking is forbidden. Ethical behavior, generally, involves various aspects: Integrity. As a rule, this aspect is mainly required for the positions with high financial or any other material responsibility; however, most companies encourage integrity for the entire personnel. In accordance with the research by Estlund (2003), high integrity promotes the absence of gossips and sneakiness among employees. Accountability. In fact, it is often included into the list of unspoken requirements for any worker, since employees are obliged to take responsibility for the particular set of actions. However, most managerial and executive positions have this requirement listed in the job descriptions. Additionally, this involves coming in time, putting honest efforts while performing the job, etc. Teamwork. Actually, this is not an obligatory ethical requirement, nevertheless, employees interact with each other, and hence, this interaction should not be discouraging for the overall organizational performance. This means that personal dislike should be set aside, as the team will have to concentrate on reaching the corporate goal. Commitment. Similarly to previous aspects, this one is not regarded as an

Describe the circumstances of growing up in a family with severe Essay

Describe the circumstances of growing up in a family with severe financial obligations - Essay Example In this case, all other members of the family are sometimes denied of proper care in bourgeoisie. More importantly if the head of the family, which is more likely to be a father, acquires disease or ill health is abound to cause financial impairment to the family, ultimately creating more challenging and demanding circumstances. The size of the family also has important role to play in the bringing constraints of finances upon a family. A family larger in size is more likely to have severe impacts on its members rather than a family with few members. Fewer members will have their due share and vice versa. Also, the environmental factors govern the situation sometimes. They have indirect impact on creating circumstances which could be inapt for the members of the family. This may include the ambiance or the external factors like price hike and

Oral Health Problems In Children Health And Social Care Essay

Oral Health Problems In Children Health And Social Care Essay Dental caries is the most common oral health problem in children. It is not a new phenomenon in children. Dental caries can arise in early childhood as an aggressive tooth decay that affects the primary teeth of infants and toddlers. Caries constitutes the single most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting as many as 40-50% of U.S. and British children (Pitts et al., 2007) and 60-90% of children worldwide between the ages of 2 and 11 years (Donahue et al., 2005). Dental caries is the localised destruction of susceptible dental hard tissues by acidic by-products from bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates (Fejerskov and Kidd, 2003). The signs of the carious demineralisation are seen on the hard dental tissues, but the disease process is initiated within the bacterial biofilm (dental plaque) that covers a tooth surface. Moreover, the very early changes in the enamel are not detected with traditional clinical and radiographic methods. The disease is initially reversible and can be halted at any stage, even when some dentine or enamel is destroyed (cavitation), provided that enough biofilm can be removed. Dental caries is a chronic disease that progresses slowly in most people. The disease can be seen in both the crown (coronal caries) and root (root caries) portions of primary and permanent teeth, and on smooth as well as pitted and fissured surfaces. It can affect enamel, the outer covering of the crown; cementum, the outermost layer of the root; and dentine, the tissue beneath both enamel and cementum. Caries in primary teeth of preschool children is commonly referred to as early childhood caries. ECC is an alarming problem because the disease is so common and widespread amongst young children. Example, study done by (Zahara et al., 2010) prevalence of caries among preschoolers age 6 and 5 in Malaysia was 60%. And at rural Manitoba community the prevalence of ECC was 44% (Schroth and Moffatt, 2005). Previously, caries in the children was described by a variety of terms including nursing bottle caries, nursing caries, baby bottle caries, baby bottle tooth decay, milk bottle syndrome, and prolonged nursing habit caries. But the new terminology, Early Childhood Caries (ECC) helps us to better reflect that this problem is multifactorial etiologic process not only due to inappropriate feedings methods (Warren, 2008; Ismail 2008). Great needs are need for uniformity when diagnosing and reporting the early childhood caries condition, especially for research purposes. In this respect, a workshop was held in April 1999 in Bethesda, Maryland. In a report for this meeting, (Drury et al., 1999) defined the early childhood caries (ECC) as the presence of 1 or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger. In children younger than 3 years of age, any sign of smooth-surface caries is indicative of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). From ages 3 through 5, 1 or more cavitated, missing (due to caries), or filled smooth surfaces in primary maxillary anterior teeth or a decayed, missing, or filled score of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥4 (age 3), à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥5 (age 4), or à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥6 (age 5) surfaces constitutes S-ECC. 2.2 Etiology of early childhood caries Dental caries is an infectious and transmissible disease. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that starts with microbiological shifts within the complex biofilm and is affected by salivary flow and composition, exposure to fluoride, consumption of dietary sugars, and by preventive behaviours (cleaning teeth). Caries is the result from prolong imbalance in the demineralisation and remineralisation process in the oral cavity. Dissolution of tooth structure by high level of acid concentration which produced by the metabolism of dietary carbohydrate by oral bacteria will promote a demineralisation of tooth structure when the pH of plaque drops below the critical level (pH 5.5) (Riva and Loveren, 2003). However, occurrence of dental caries is not as simple as that. The natural protective factors will try to repair the mechanism by promote remineralisation. It was helps by saliva which play a major role in protecting the teeth from acid challenge. The protective factors of the saliva are, the effective bicarbonate buffering affect, the flow and oral clearance rate and Ca2+, PO43- and fluoride ion contain in the saliva (Mount and Hume, 1998). Reposition of mineral (remineralisation) will occur after the pH of plaque rises (Riva and Loveren, 2003). Development of dental caries occurs when susceptible tooth surface colonized with cariogenic bacteria and present of dietary source of sucrose or refined sugar is present. (Axelson, 2000, Caufield and Griffen, 2000). Generally, it can illustrate under Figure 2.1 below; ETIOLOGY 001 Figure 2.1: Development of dental caries (Keyes, 1960) 2.2.1 Dental Plaque Dental plaque plays a major role in contributing a dental caries. Dental plaque is an accumulation of bacteria and intercellular matrix that form the biofilm that adheres to the surfaces of teeth and other oral structures in the absence of effective oral hygiene (Harris et al., 2009). 2.2.2 Dietary factor Diet plays an important role in preventing and promoting oral diseases including dental caries. Dental caries is a modern, life style dependent disease because of fermentable of carbohydrate. In populations which highly exposed to high sucrose containing food manifested with most severe forms caries (Caufield and Griffen, 2000). Increase frequency of carbohydrate intake will increase the caries risk especially in populations with poor oral hygiene habits and lack exposure to the fluoride. However, in populations with good oral hygiene and expose to fluoride either systemic or topical, frequency of diet intake will become a weak risk factor (Axelson, 2000). 2.2.3 Microbiologic factor Fitzgerald and Keyes in year 1960, persons who firstly demonstrate that the dental disease is an infectous disease and can be transmissible. The sources of bacteria that cause dental caries derived from bacterial populations in the oral cavity named normal flora. The most important bacteria in development dental caries are the mutans streptococci. Mutans streptococci are acidogenic and can adhere to tooth surface. It also can produce extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides from sucrose. So, it represent that mutans streptococci fulfill all the requirements of caries to induce bacteria (Axelson, 2000). Mutans streptococci and other bacteria colonies will colonize the oral cavity after emergance of infants first tooth(Caufield and Griffen, 2000). With present of fermentation of carbohydrate, bacteria pathogens will produce lactic acid, and this acid dissolves the hydroxyapatite crystal structure of the tooth (Caufield and Griffen, 2000). Newborn baby usually have a sterile mouth. Transmission of the microbes to the mouth can be derived from water, food, and other nutritious fluid, but the main route is via saliva. Studies have shown that the transmission of oral streptococci and Gram-negative species in children predominantly from the behaviour of mothers and primary caregivers through their intimate contact, sharing and tasting foods on a spoon or pacifier (Caufield et al., 1993). Infants acquired Mutans streptococci at a median age of 26 months. High level of Mutans streptococci in mothers saliva will put their infants to be acquired by these bacteria earlier. It is means that infants exhibit levels of Mutans streptococci corresponding to their mothers level (Caufield et al., 1993). Because of that, mothers need to be educating on how the caries transmissible and the importance of have good dental practice for themselves their childrens. 2.3 Determinants of oral health in children There were correlation between the etiologic factor in dental caries, determinants of caries (diet, fluoride exposure, microbial species) and involvement of cofounders in dental caries such as socio economic status, education level, knowledge, attitudes and behavior as Figure 2.2 below. fejerkov 001 Figure 2.2: Schematic illustration of the determinants of caries process. (Adapted from Fejeskov and Manji, 1990) 2.3.1 Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomic factors especially educational levels become the most important external factors related to dental caries nowadays (Axelson, 2000). There is a strong correlation between incidence of caries in children and the socioeconomic status of the families of those children. That is, children with caries tend to come from low-income or lower socioeconomic backgrounds and lower parental educational level (Leake et al., 2008, Finlayson et al., 2007, Schroth and Moffatt, 2005). 2.3.2 Behavioural factors Behavioural factors such as frequency of consumption of sugar daily, tooth brushing behaviour (Leake et al., 2008), inappropriate feeding practice either bottle feeding or breast feeding (Schroth and Moffatt, 2005, Mohebbi et al., 2008, Tyagi, 2008) and age of first visit to dental clinic (Rayner, 2003, Schroth and Moffatt, 2005) were related to the risk of dental caries especially in children. Parental attitudes towards oral health especially mother are is important to prevent occurrence of dental caries among children (Saied-Moallemi et al., 2008). 2.3.3 Environmental factors Environmental and cultural factors play a role in the development of caries. In newly industrialized countries, the incidence of dental caries increases when people previously eat a starchy staple foods and now move to refined carbohydrate diet. For most industrialized countries, high risk of caries related to persons in a lower socioeconomic and immigrant groups (Riva and Loveren, 2003). 2.4 The impact of early childhood caries to the children and parents Extensive dental decay among children, if left untreated will impact on both oral and general health, including quality of life. Physical function will affected because of pain, disturbed sleep, and difficulty to eat hard, hot and cold food. Mentally, dental caries cause fear and angry in children. The social functions also disturbed by missing preschool or day care, avoid playing with friends and not interested to join family activity. Emotionally, children disturbed with difficulty to say certain words (Cunnion et al., 2010). In other words, dental caries in children will effects physical, mental, social and emotional well being of the children. And most important things it causes lower quality of life of the children who are in growing stages. The impact of ECC on parents We know that parents contribute in their children oral health. But there are still limited study in investigating the relationship between the parents and their children oral health. (Schroth, 2007) found that parents with a better knowledge and attitude towards their children oral health more likely to have children with better oral health. In this study we are trying to explore the relationship between the parents oral health and their children oral health status. 2.5 The availability of children oral health related quality of life assessment Currently, there has been increase research development in measuring oral health related quality of life. The oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) instruments designed and used to investigate the impacts of oral problems in children, and recently have been designed to be use for 6-14 year old children. (Li et al., 2008, Easton et al., 2008, Klaassen et al., 2009, Cunnion et al., 2010). And very few have been developed for use in children mainly specifically for children age less than 6 years old. Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) were used to assess the prevalence and severity of the oral impacts in children age 10-12 years old. This questionnaire also can be used to assess oral health needs in population surveys, thus making it useful for planning services. The Child-OIDP assesses oral impacts on the following daily performances like eating, speaking, cleaning teeth, smiling, emotional stability, relaxing, doing schoolwork and social contact (BernabÃÆ' © et al., 2009). Instruments to assess oral health related negative impacts for children aged 3-5 years, recently was developed in the United States, in English language by (Pahel et al., 2007) called the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) which derived from the Childhood Oral Health Quality of Life (COHQoL) instrument developed by (Jokovic et al., 2002). This questionnaire seems to be adequate to measure quality of life of children in the age 3-5 years old and their families. The instrument is short and concise to be completed by the childs parent or primary caregiver for use in epidemiological surveys to discriminate the quality of life between children with or without dental disease. (Li et al., 2008) was translated the English version of ECOHIS into French version for the questionnaire can be use in the French language population. (Klaassen et al., 2009) use ECOHIS questionnaire to explore whether oral health related quality of life in young children will improve after oral rehabil itation after general anesthesia. They also study any changes towards dental fear. Canadian researchers (Jokovic et al., 2002) have developed the Child Oral a health Quality of Life (COHQoL) questionnaire due to their concern about the measurement of child health status preciously was based on the reports by parents and caregivers. In their questionnaire, there are several questionnaires for parent or caregiver (Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaires, P-CPQ) and Family Impact Scale (FIS) for children aged 6-14 years and three Child Perceptions Questionnaires for children aged 6 to 7(CPQ6-7), 8 to 10 (CPQ8-10), and 11-14(CPQ11-14) years of age. The Infant Toddler Quality of Life (ITQoL) questionnaire was developed in year 1994 by Landgraf JM. ITQoL was designed to measure a quality of life for children as 2 months up to 5 years old. The ITQOL items and scales developed to measure physical function, growth and development, bodily pain, temperament and moods, behavior and general health perceptions. ITQOL also includes scales to measure parental impact (time and emotions). Study by (Raat et al., 2007), to evaluate feasibility, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and discriminative validity of the ITQoL, found five ITQoL scales showed a ceiling affect. They also suggest for developing and evaluating a shortened ITQoL version to reduce respondent burden. (Easton et al., 2008) were tried to ascertain reliability and validity of the ITQoL. They did a study among 2-6 years old Ohio, United State children to evaluate the effect of dental caries related to pain on pediatric quality of life. That study found that it was valid and reliable index among children there. 2.6 The role of parents to the children Children age less than 6 years old still depending on the family members especially their parents to take care of their oral health. Their inability to verbalize their emotions and needs increases their dependence on adult. Parents support and involvement in childs oral health are important in influencing the dental health of the child. Parents play a key role in attempts to achieve the best oral health outcomes for their young children (Cafferata and Kasper, 1985). Parents need to have an adequate knowledge and attitude towards the important of oral health for their children. Parents need to know the important of baby teeth and primary teeth tooth decay can impact childhood health. (Schroth, 2007) found that parents who believed that baby teeth are important were more likely to have children with better oral health (less decay) compared with those who thought otherwise. And parents of children with ECC were more likely to disagree that dental decay could affect a childs overall health. Brushing of young childrens teeth is important to prevent caries, but the parents cannot let their children do it by themselves. Parent need to be motivated and supportive enough to brush their childs teeth. The parents should belief that home oral hygiene is important and it is a parental duty to establish this behaviour with children (Huebner and Riedy, 2010). Their study also found that nearly all (91%) parents thought that brush a childs teeth twice daily a day was important, but only 55% reported that they did it every day. Parents reported that the most common barriers to tooth brushing were due to lack of time and uncooperative child. 2.4 Oral health related quality of life of the parents

Stress And Its Influence On The Mortality Rate in Eastern Europe :: Society Eastern Europe Death Rate Essays Papers

Stress And Its Influence On The Mortality Rate in Eastern Europe Death rates are associated with many complex, multifaceted issues in every society. The world is rapidly changing politically, socially and environmentally. With the fall of communism and the subsequent, dramatic social and political changes no other region in the world exemplifies global change like Eastern Europe. Specifically, the death rates of Eastern Europe countries have been increasingly fluctuating away from the norm. This has been caused by a wide array of interesting, sometimes obscure factors. Stress is a major factor, however, it is not the primary cause, as has been argued, of the increased mortality rates in Eastern Europe. Globally, death rates have been drastically decreasing. People are living much longer with the advent of better health care and improved nutrition. The lowest morality rates are all in well-developed, industrialized countries. The Soviet Union was formally one of the most powerful and industrialized countries. It held vast resources and enormous political power. Health care and nutrition in the Soviet Union was very good as is typical of a developed, industrial nation. Further, The Soviet Union possessed so much power and influence it supported many Communist, Eastern European countries. With the fall of the Soviet Union the region underwent an extremely dramatic change. Surprisingly, the birth rate in the Eastern Europe began to fall and the death rate began to steadily increase. Stone states: Soon after the former Eastern Block nations tossed off communist rule in the late 1980s and the Soviet Union imploded, people throughout Eastern Europe began dying in droves. Life expectancy plummeted. By 1994, for example, reaching the age of 57 was enough to put Russian men on the right side of the Bell curve (2001, 1). This is truly an alarming figure. There are many explanations for these changes. By understanding the multiple explanations and factors one can begin to better comprehend the problems affecting mortality. Stress, and its subsequent effects, has been found to be one of the most lethal killers of Eastern European men. Obviously, in a region where conditions are generally poor, stress is very high. After the Soviet Union collapsed most industry and leadership in subsequent Eastern European countries collapsed, leading to these poor conditions. "On one level, the main culprit is clear: coronary heart disease" Stone 2001, 1). Many societies exhibit high degrees of stress, so why are the effects in Eastern Europe so morbid? Many people believe that Eastern European citizens feel dejected and condemned to a poor life.

Barney: Responding Essay

1. Between the journal entries from September 10th and 11th, the rat has trapped the scientist by biting the rope while he was in the well, so he is either dead or alive at the bottom of the well. 2. Tayloe was fired because of poison trails leading up to Barney’s dish, and in the scientist’s point of view, Tayloe tried to kill the rat because he thought he was getting too smart. The scientist rationalized on this thinking that this was under the influence of alcohol, that the life on the island was too much for him, and that he lost his guinea pigs. 3. The real cause for the dismissal was because the rat tricked the scientist into firing him, by placing poison trails leading up to his dish. Barney needed to get rid of Tayloe for two reasons. The first is Tayloe said Barney was getting too smart, so he was worried he would try and kill him. The second is that Barney was already plotting to kill the scientist, and it would be much easier to do so with Tayloe gone. Foreshadowing of the surprise ending was â€Å"He denied it. Who else then? †This would make you think of who would have actually tried to poison Barney of the two of them, even though it was neither. 4. One sample of irony in the second last paragraph is â€Å"I have now replaced that section or rope and arranged some old sacking beneath it to prevent recurrence of the accident. † This is ironic because the scientist believed the rope was weathering because of the edge of the masonry, and in trying to fix the problem, he arranged sacking underneath the rope. But this will do no good, as the rat was biting the rope, and later gets him trapped in the well with the same strategy. In the same paragraph, another sample of irony is â€Å"Perhaps I should fix myself a sandwich as I may be down there longer than seems likely at the moment. † This is ironic because the scientist thinks he will be in the well longer than he hopes. But little does he know, he will be down there for the rest of his short life. In the final paragraph, third sample of irony is â€Å"I sprayned my wrist is why this is written so bad. †This is very ironic because this is the rat pretending to be the scientist so that nothing is fishy. But a sprained wrist doesn’t affect spelling, may just slur a few words. 5. ? 6. The story is written in journal form because it has to have time between each paragraph. For example, there has to be a gap between the second last and last journal entry, for the point of view to change (scientist to rat). 7. Well, the reultz of my experimentt argh complete. The ratt turned very very smart. The end.

A Synopsis of the Movie 12 Monkeys Essays

A Synopsis of the Movie 12 Monkeys Essays A Synopsis of the Movie 12 Monkeys Paper A Synopsis of the Movie 12 Monkeys Paper The film 12 Monkeys failed greatly to live up to the hype one would think follows it. With a slew of highly touted actors and actress, one would think of it as a possible blockbuster hit. It falls short of the potential that seemed to swirl around it. Bruce Willis plays James Cole, a convicted criminal living in a future apocalyptic world. A deadly virus was released to the world in December 1996, and Cole is expected to go back in time and find a possible cure for it before it is spread throughout the world. The psychological stress that would overcome a person from going back and forth throughout time would be great. Emotions would be so overwhelming, and Bruce Willis failed to portray this stress. He’s become typecasted as an action hero and it is hard to view him in any other role. He was a known actor at the time, but had still yet to shake the run and gun image from the Die Hard movies that brought him to glory. He failed to bring his emotions to the forefront. The viewer was unable to feel the great emotional stress that would have overwhelmed a character in Cole’s position. Brad Pitt plays Jeffrey Goines, a fellow mental health patient at the institution that Cole is put into. He, unlike Willis, played his role perfectly. He was so deep into his role that the viewer forgets he is watching an actor. The insanity is real, and every aspect of his role is flawless. From his body language to the look in his eyes, the role is acted perfectly. It is this aspect of his character, the insanity, which is missing from Willis’s. 12 Monkeys is a psychological thriller trying to play itself off as a generic action movie. By casting Bruce Willis, the production crew was making an effort bring in a demographic of moviegoers that wouldn’t normally have gone to see the movie. They tried to please too many people and as a result ended up disappointing a majority of their viewers. The ending of the movie was perfect- for a psychological thriller.

Free Essays on Hebrew Language

I originally enrolled in Hebrew for a number of reasons. First of all I was interested in learning a language that was a language family other than the Romance. That left a Semitic language or a Tai-Korean language. The options were further narrowed by the fact that I gather great importance from the Bible and think that an understanding of the Hebrew script would bring me new insight. Furthermore I think Israel is such a culturally rich place and currently the hearth of political diplomacy, and learning ancient Hebrew would help me learn about the nature of the most epic ethnic group of all time. That said, I am extremely happy with my choice and am very excited about learning more. It just so happened that my teacher would be the most engaging, entertaining, knowledgeable and communicative professor I’ve had at (no flattery intended). I think that in the first two semesters I have laid a good foundation to grow from and eventually be proficient in translating the Old Testament. Right from the start I knew that I was in a different world. I had to forget most of what I knew about language organization and start over. Vowels weren’t their own letters, letters were actually the first letter of the word for the letter (confusing at first) and numbers, which I still haven’t learned, were based on letters and very complex. After a few weeks though it stopped sounding completely backwards and started making since. Since then I have learned a great deal of the background of the language and what the basic structures of grammar are. Most of the knowledge I have about ancient Hebrew pertains to the mindset and organization of speech rather than a large vocabulary and recognition of verbs. Vocabulary and content is definitely something I’m going to have to work on this summer. Hebrew though, is flexible in the sense that it is not about memorizing or learning from wrote. It is rather, like a puzzle and a search for cl... Free Essays on Hebrew Language Free Essays on Hebrew Language I originally enrolled in Hebrew for a number of reasons. First of all I was interested in learning a language that was a language family other than the Romance. That left a Semitic language or a Tai-Korean language. The options were further narrowed by the fact that I gather great importance from the Bible and think that an understanding of the Hebrew script would bring me new insight. Furthermore I think Israel is such a culturally rich place and currently the hearth of political diplomacy, and learning ancient Hebrew would help me learn about the nature of the most epic ethnic group of all time. That said, I am extremely happy with my choice and am very excited about learning more. It just so happened that my teacher would be the most engaging, entertaining, knowledgeable and communicative professor I’ve had at (no flattery intended). I think that in the first two semesters I have laid a good foundation to grow from and eventually be proficient in translating the Old Testament. Right from the start I knew that I was in a different world. I had to forget most of what I knew about language organization and start over. Vowels weren’t their own letters, letters were actually the first letter of the word for the letter (confusing at first) and numbers, which I still haven’t learned, were based on letters and very complex. After a few weeks though it stopped sounding completely backwards and started making since. Since then I have learned a great deal of the background of the language and what the basic structures of grammar are. Most of the knowledge I have about ancient Hebrew pertains to the mindset and organization of speech rather than a large vocabulary and recognition of verbs. Vocabulary and content is definitely something I’m going to have to work on this summer. Hebrew though, is flexible in the sense that it is not about memorizing or learning from wrote. It is rather, like a puzzle and a search for cl...

Modern Art and Postmodern Art Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Modern Art and Postmodern Art - Thesis Example The paper "Modern Art and Postmodern Art" presents different styles of the modern and postmodern era. The following paper will outline post modernism and modernism in art through an argument that claims post modernism art captures styles from past periods and mixes them in a way which ignores their original use and redefines their use. In relation to visual arts, a work of art refers to physical two dimensional or three dimensional objects that are professionally established to fulfill a primarily aesthetic function. An artist’s â€Å"body of work† may also be considered as a work of art. The term is very popular in art galleries, museums, cultural heritage curators by the interested community. Objects that document conceptual art works but are not necessarily accepted by artistic conventions may also be classified as art objects. Visual arts can be referred to as art practices that make works that are naturally graphic. This may include ceramics, drawings, painting, sc ulptures, printmaking, design, crafts, as well as modern visual arts, such as photography, film making and architecture. Included within visual arts are the applied arts, such as interior design, graphic design, fashion design and industrial design, as well as decorative art. There exists a growing tendency of some regions of the world to increase the privilege of painting and sculpture. In the Western and East Asian culture, painting has been seen as portraying, to a very high degree, the imagination of an artist. According to the Chinese, scholar painting was the most highly valued style of portraying art. What makes an art work influential? The following paper will provide an analysis of various works of art and how they have developed over time to serve their purpose. Every generation is outlined by imagery. Possibly, the nineties was the grime association for the present generation. For the eighties, the iconic figure of Madonna led the generation from its grim point. For every century, there is an incidence that describes a generation and for each occasion, there is a picture that catches the moment. Such artworks noticed by the generations that have experienced hardships make artworks inspiring and influential. No individual ought to be immune from disapproval. As a result, works of art are not even the countless masters of art world, they are human beings. Artists have to treat their artworks as they look at acclaimed workings of prodigy made by artistes far skilled than we are. Connections between the various

Middle Ages Magic Activities from Religious Point of View Assignment

Middle Ages Magic Activities from Religious Point of View - Assignment Example The Church did not approve of theories that contradicted the official doctrine of the Church. This is because their view of human knowledge is based on a concept of an all-knowing God and a revelation of absolute truth through the scriptures and through the Pope and the senior leaders of the Church. There was no room for theories that were based on principles outside this rather strict set of rules. The whole issue of whether the earth is the center of the universe, for example, was seen as a theological dogma, not a theory or scientific view, and these issues have the potential to cause the whole foundation of Christian belief to crumble if they are challenged and found to be false. That is why the Church resisted any other views. There seems to have been in Medieval times quite a bit of experimentation with these forbidden arts, just as today people read horoscopes, go to see fortune tellers, and have lucky objects at the same time as holding broadly orthodox beliefs in one of the main religions. Old pagan beliefs linger on in symbolic ways, as for example in the Christmas trees, Harvest Thanksgiving services and Easter eggs that we have in Western culture, even though these are symbolic of pagan festivals (Jolly, 2000, p. 1). In this, there is not so much difference between medieval and modern society. The issue of predetermined events and the prediction of human behavior was a very thorny one because it goes to the heart of the Christian doctrine of salvation. It matters a lot, for example, whether a person has free will or not, and whether they freely choose to do good or evil deeds, or whether they are just puppets being manipulated by fate or some demon or other. Christians have a strong sense of being morally responsible for their actions, and relying on God alone, and so many other forces that get in between a man or woman and their god were seen as a bit threat.  

Power and Privilege in Conflict Resolution Essay

Power and Privilege in Conflict Resolution - Essay Example In his article â€Å"Power and Conflicts†, Coleman clearly outlines how power is related to conflict resolution. According to him, there are different ways of defining power which could be power over, power with and dependence and powerless. He says that in conflict resolution, when one of the conflicting parties feels that the solution that is reached gives the other party power over them, the resolution is not satisfactory. This means that the same kind of conflict is likely to arise in future. In order to reach a lasting resolution, competition should not be created in resolving conflicts, and the parties involved should not feel like they are in a win-lose position. There should be more emphasis on promoting cooperation, independent power and shared power. It is also evident that the people who possess power have a tendency to justify having this power and using it in the manner that they feel fit. They are also not willing to share this power with those they perceive to b e powerless. The parties with low power on the other hand are likely to show discontentment with their situation and are shortsighted. They in most cases roll their discontentment to people who have less power than them (Coleman 12). This ruins their chances of being empowered and makes it even harder for the conflicts to be resolved. It is only through coalition building and cooperation where power is neutralized that conflicts can be resolved completely. Privileges also play a vital role in conflict resolution since they give power to the privileged and take power from the underprivileged. In dealing with conflicts that come with one party having power over the others because of one being privileged, there are certain things that need to be considered. For instance, gender equality has been a source of conflict for many years. Women complain of not being equally treated in education, work and other situation. Dealing with this kind of situation would require that the men acknowled ge the fact that they are privileged and accept to lose some of the privileges in order to resolve the conflict (McIntosh 3). This is because in most cases, although it may be universally acknowledged that women are under-privileged, men would not agree to the fact that they are privileged. This could be the reason why we are still very far away from dealing with the issue of gender equality. The question of truth and morality is an intricate one and it is crucial to understand this relationship in conflict resolution. This is especially based on the fact that a person may have wrong motives but his actions lead to good results while another one may have good intention but the ends become terrible. Truth is thus the harsh reality that people have to live with while morality is judged in terms of good intentions (Kriesberg, 3). Truth and morality are related to conflict resolution in the sense that morality and truth seeks to social justice and reconciliation and conflict resolutions are part of this quest. Take the example of the situation where single mothers who do not

Person centred approaches Essay Example for Free

Person centred approaches Essay Implement person centred approaches in health and social care 1.1 Define person-centred values. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in away that embeds person centred values. The underlying purpose of â€Å"Person-centred values† is to ensure that the individual needing care is placed at the very centre of the decision making process about their life, the services and support they want and need. Therefore, under this strict system, the person is always placed at the very centre of the planning of the care programme required, in that he or she will always be consulted and that his or her views will always come first. Therefore the plan is tailor-made to that particular person, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that individual’s family and from the voluntary sector. This is the current policy and it applies to those people with learning disabilities, mental health problems, and physical disabilities, to older people who need support, and to young people making their transition to adulthood. To place the person at the centre certain values must be upheld: Individuality (everyones differences must be recognised and respected), Choice (for individuals to be able to make own choices and be in control of own life), Privacy (information and activities must be kept confidential), Independence (empowering individuals to do activities for themselves) and dignity (be treated in a respectful way). It is vital for the social care worker to work using these precise methods to establish the needs and wishes of the individual. This will also mean that individuals will feel empowered and in control of their lives, be more confident about making decisions, will feel valued and respected. 1.3 Explain why risk taking can be part of a person centred approach. The person centred approach to risk includes making an assessment with the people involved in the plan such as the individual, their relatives and other professionals. Risk taking is part of a person-centred approach as this empowers individuals to have choices about what they want to do in their lives as well as to be part of their community. Not allowing individuals to take risks can have a negative impact on an individual’s life to not live it as they wish. 1.4 Explain how using an individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way. To be person-centred the person must always be at the centre of their care plan. This means that individuals must always to be consulted and their views must always come first. Therefore, no two care plans are alike because each individual is different from another. Each individual should be involved at every stage of their care plan; from deciding who to involve, how to meet the individual’s needs, the support required and how to feedback on how the care plan is working. 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care and support. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. It is always very important to establish the consent of the individual when providing any care or support programme or procedure. This is essential so as to include that individual with any decision-making, in order to ensure that they do not feel left out, ignored; in this way they can understand and agree to that element of their care or support. I would discuss the problem, that consent cannot be established, with the supervisor or manager of the home, and, if necessary, the individual’s doctor and advocate. I would also make a record of this, which I would sign and date. 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation. Active participation benefits the individual because that person is always made to feel that he or she is continually important, and that things are done for their benefit, with their consent. This ensures a positive approach for the individual that makes them an active part of how they choose to live and puts them first as the focus. Barriers can take several forms – the emotions, the disabilities, and the attitudes of the individual concerned, any or all of which can deter active participation by that individual in any activity or action. Similarly barriers exist if social care workers’ attitudes and approaches do not value active participation, strict routines and lack of training on using the active participation approach can also be barriers. 5.3 Explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individuals choices. The care worker’s personal views may well simply rule things out for the individual being cared for, because the worker might take a subjective position rather than looking to find creative solutions for that individual. Such a stance could prevent the individual from making informed choices about their care. Therefore, personal views should never influence the choices of any individual as this also goes against their rights and can make an individual feel pressurised to agree. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. When others make decisions for the individual, the care worker should talk to the individual to ask that person whether he or she understands what has been decided for them. Once the individual understands those decisions, he or she should be encouraged to state whether they agree with them. If not, then that individual should be enabled to question and challenge them either  themselves, through the social care worker or an advocate. 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well being. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely too promote an individuals well being. Maintaining an individual’s identity is done by always recognising that person as a human being, not a number – identity is who the person is. Ensuring that the individual IS important and that their views and concerns are always dealt with in a positive and caring manner will always ensure that person is valued and has a high self-esteem. All this will contribute to their sense of well being. By always ensuring that the individual is treated in a professional, kind, caring and courteous way, their sense of well-being is always assured. Care workers can also make sure that they use a number of different approaches empowering approaches that enable the individual to take control, a positive approach that encourages the individual to feel good, working in a trusting and professional way enables a good relationship to build between the care worker and individual and promoting a sense of well being.

Managing Time And People Commerce Essay

Managing Time And People Commerce Essay Planning is essential in creating a new venture. This task remains principally on the entrepreneur starting the business. A good entrepreneur needs to have a variety of skills in order to be successful. SimVenture which is a business simulation game, is a good way of practising these skills. Indeed, teaching entrepreneurial and business skills is one of the main purposes of SimVenture, by allowing the users to create and run their own virtual company. SimVenture also gives the opportunity to learn how to make efficient decisions in all the different sectors of a business including marketing, human resources, operations, finance, and more. As a business administration student and perhaps future entrepreneur, it is fundamental to understand how to successfully operate a company and to practice and deal with diverse skills. I have learned many lessons by using that simulation and many of these will definitely be useful in my future life and enhance my knowledge and personal development. Three of the main that I have learned are how to manage time and people, how to develop a business model, and how to research and analyse the market. Managing time and people Firstly, managing time and people has been a crucial lesson that I have learned using SimVenture. An entrepreneurs most important and most difficult job is to manage these two components. The first component of the business that has to be well managed is people. Starting a business is not only a one person deal, in the contrary, well developed and directed teams are behind most of the most successful business start-up. Indeed, developing strong entrepreneurial teams are key to a well functioning venture. It is the entrepreneurs task to find individuals that can offer knowledge, experience, skills, and, thus, add up a to the social capital of their company. Furthermore, once the good ones are chosen, employees have to be motivated, leaded, inspired, and encouraged in order to be efficient and to increase their commitment to the company. With SimVenture, I have learned that this process is crucial for a business, because choosing inefficient or unsuitable employees can increase remarkably its costs. Also, the simulation taught me that not only choosing the best candidate is important, but especially giving them the job position in concordance with what they are the best in. The second component of the venture that has to be greatly managed is time. Effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency, are aspects that can be excessively increased if time is managed correctly. Especially during the business start-up process, at every step of it, time should be spent on elements that are really relevant for the creation of the company. SimVenture clearly showed that time can really be an issue in a company as time management was one on the main problems that my team and I had while using the simulation. Sometimes employees were spending time idle, and some other times, they were not able to finish their task due to lack of time. In the future, I will know that time is the component of a business that is probably the most essential to be well managed in order to be successful. Developing a business model Secondly, creating a business model has been an essential lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. Building a business model can be a very long and difficult process, because it is a complex, precise, and specific task. However, it is indispensable for a new venture to develop an effective one because it is the heart of a company. Management writer Joan Magretta defined a business model as the story that explains how an enterprise works (Casadesus-Masanell and RicartÂÂ  , 2011). Being part of a business strategy, a business model is used to represent core aspects of a venture. A business model can be separated in five main features. The first section is understanding the customers and their purchase decision. A customer in a purchase decision process will pass through some stages before buying a product or service. He will research information, seek value, evaluate alternative, and assess value before making any decision. Using the simulation, I learned that understanding the customers that are in the target market can greatly benefit the company in making products in concordance with their needs. Also, through SimVenture, I realized that customers are the wheels of the business and that it is primordial to make decisions in relation to them. The second feature of a business model is the value proposition, or the benefits that customers gain. It is very important for a company to understand and be aware of what their customers gain and benefit from their products or services. Developing a value proposition relies on analysing qualitative and quantitative aspects and finding a way to be different from competitors by knowing who they are and what they do. The value proposition is used to attract customers and ensure the companys financial healthiness. The third part of a business model is the architecture of the business. That feature describes the structure and the organisation of the company. It also defines how the venture creates and distributes its products and services. The business architecture discusses whether there is a market or not for what the company is selling, by analysing the external environment such as geography. All these different components are put together to create value for the customers. Using SimVenture, it was a challenge to make efficient decisions because all the features of the business and the target market were to be taken in account. The fourth section is the revenue model of the business. Its goal is for the company to find a profitable way to deliver great value to their customers and satisfying their needs. In other words, by doing better than its competitors, the venture has to manage its costs and expenses in order to increase its return on investments. Pricing is also an important aspect of that stage, indeed the price should be fixed so that it is high enough to make profit but not too high for the sales to decrease. Furthermore, the company has to decide which revenue mechanism will be adopted and how the benefits will be delivered to their customers. SimVenture taught me that it is essential to have a great knowledge of our costs and expenses in order to fix the price of the product at a profitable level. The fifth feature of the business model is the strategic direction. The strategic direction is how the organization strategy will be achieve and which actions will be in place to do so. It demonstrate the position that the venture is planning to take over its competitors in a long term view. It is also a projection of where the business wants to be in a certain amount of years. Using SimVenture, I have learned that the strategic plan of the business is always to be kept in mind if you want the long term objectives to be achieved. In the simulation, I would have made different decisions than my team. In my opinion, we were thinking too much about the present month and not enough of the future of the venture. Researching and analysing the market Thirdly, researching and analysing the market has been a crucial lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. The market analysis is essential to be done at the starting point of every new venture. It allows the entrepreneur to know more about the global environment of its business. The market analysis is extremely important because it helps define the nature of the business and the remainder of the plan. [] Similarly, the more a start-up understands the needs of its target market, the more it can match its product attributes to those needs (Barringer, 2009). Indeed, the venture will have to segment the market and select a target market. The market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets (or segments) that behave in the same way or have similar needs (Barringer, 2009). As the market segmentation was already done in SimVenture, nothing was learned from that section. Before selecting a target market, the company should research and study the size and the trends of the different market segments. This is critical because a good selection will allow the business to be successful in terms of profit and sales growth. With SimVenture, I have learned that selecting the best market segment is one of the most important things, because if you dont make a good selection, keeping a financially healthy company can be problematic in the future. I had difficulty selecting the appropriate target market for the business. Therefore, what I have learned from that for the future is that a deeper research and analysis of the market and of the segments should be done in order to make the best decision possible. Conclusion To conclude, through SimVenture, I have learned many important lessons including managing time and people, creating a business model, and researching and analysing the market. The simulation made me aware that a business can face many difficulties and that the entrepreneur needs the knowledge and the ability to make the best decision according to any situations that can occur. Running my own business for a few weeks has definitely helped me in my personal development, because I would now feel more confident and experienced if, in the future, I would decide to start my own company.

Internal And External Economies Of Scale :: Economics

Internal And External Economies Of Scale When a company reduces costs and increases production, internal economies of scale have been achieved. External economies of scale occur outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industry's scope of operations expand due to for example the creation of a better transportation network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in cost for a company working within that industry, external economies of scale are said to have been achieved. With external ES, all firms within the industry will benefit. Economies Of Scale In addition to specialization and the division of labor, within any company there are various inputs that may result in the production of a good and/or service: * Lower input costs: when a company buys inputs in bulk, say for example potatoes used to make French fries at a fast food chain; it can take advantage of volume discounts. (In turn, the farmer from which sold the potatoes could also be achieving ES if the farm has lowered its average input costs through, for example, buying fertilizer in bulk at a volume discount). * Costly inputs: some inputs, such as research and development, advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor are expensive, but because of the possibility of increased efficiency with such inputs, can lead to a decrease in the average cost of production and selling. If a company is able to spread the cost of such inputs over an increase in its production units, ES can be realized. Thus, if the fast food chain chooses to spend more money on technology to eventually increase efficiency by lowering the average cost of hamburger assembly, it would also have to increase the number of hamburgers it produces a year in order to cover the increased technology expenditure. * Specialized inputs: as the scale of production of a company increases, a company can employ the use of specialized labor and machinery resulting in greater efficiency. This is because workers would be better qualified for a specific job, for example someone who only makes French fries, and would no longer be spending extra time learning to do work not within their specialization (making hamburgers or taking a customer's order). Machinery, such as a dedicated French fry maker, would also have a longer life as it would not have to be over and/or improperly used. * Techniques and Organizational inputs: with a larger scale of production, a company may also apply better organizational skills to its resources, such as a clear-cut chain of command, while improving its techniques for production and distribution. Thus, behind the counter employees at the fast food chain may be organized according to those taking in-house orders and those Internal And External Economies Of Scale :: Economics Internal And External Economies Of Scale When a company reduces costs and increases production, internal economies of scale have been achieved. External economies of scale occur outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industry's scope of operations expand due to for example the creation of a better transportation network, resulting in a subsequent decrease in cost for a company working within that industry, external economies of scale are said to have been achieved. With external ES, all firms within the industry will benefit. Economies Of Scale In addition to specialization and the division of labor, within any company there are various inputs that may result in the production of a good and/or service: * Lower input costs: when a company buys inputs in bulk, say for example potatoes used to make French fries at a fast food chain; it can take advantage of volume discounts. (In turn, the farmer from which sold the potatoes could also be achieving ES if the farm has lowered its average input costs through, for example, buying fertilizer in bulk at a volume discount). * Costly inputs: some inputs, such as research and development, advertising, managerial expertise and skilled labor are expensive, but because of the possibility of increased efficiency with such inputs, can lead to a decrease in the average cost of production and selling. If a company is able to spread the cost of such inputs over an increase in its production units, ES can be realized. Thus, if the fast food chain chooses to spend more money on technology to eventually increase efficiency by lowering the average cost of hamburger assembly, it would also have to increase the number of hamburgers it produces a year in order to cover the increased technology expenditure. * Specialized inputs: as the scale of production of a company increases, a company can employ the use of specialized labor and machinery resulting in greater efficiency. This is because workers would be better qualified for a specific job, for example someone who only makes French fries, and would no longer be spending extra time learning to do work not within their specialization (making hamburgers or taking a customer's order). Machinery, such as a dedicated French fry maker, would also have a longer life as it would not have to be over and/or improperly used. * Techniques and Organizational inputs: with a larger scale of production, a company may also apply better organizational skills to its resources, such as a clear-cut chain of command, while improving its techniques for production and distribution. Thus, behind the counter employees at the fast food chain may be organized according to those taking in-house orders and those